How The Holocaust Was A Long Term Plan - 1461 Words

Assess the View That the Holocaust Was Mainly the Result of a Long Term Plan by Hitler to Eliminate the Jews Of the four historians, it is Kershaw, Goldhagen, and Peukert who propose the idea that the holocaust was a long-term plan and Berghahn who argues that it was a reaction to the circumstances brought about by expansion during world war two. All of the historians agree to a certain degree that the extermination of the Jewish people from Germany was a long term idea of Hitler’s, but it is at the point where ‘idea’ becomes ‘plan’ that they differ. The efforts the Nazi party expended on carrying out their ‘final solution to the Jewish question in Europe’ involved changing the structure of a whole country’s economic, social, and military sectors; a mobilisation completed by many various competing and collating departments and agencies, all of which were expected by their superiors to show initiative in their operations. This mode of command lends plausibility to the theory that the ‘final solution’ of the holocaust was not necessarily a result of a direct command by the Fà ¼hrer (No records of any such order exist) but rather the culmination of the departments of the Nazi state vying for approval from their superiors by following the ideology to its ‘logical conclusion’ with Hitler’s approval. This could be seen to support Berghahn, as it was the confusion and rush to meet growing needs that drove the party to extermination over deportation. It also supports Kershaw, whoShow MoreRelatedWhat Was Hitler’s Role in the Holocaust?1458 Words   |  6 PagesWhat was Hitler’s role in the Holocaust? Studies of the Holocaust have provoked passionate debates. Increasingly, they have become a central topic of concern for historians particularly since the early 1970s, as the Holocaust studies were generally limited. However, one of the most intense debates surrounding the role played by Hitler in the ’Final Solution’. That is, whether and when Hitler took a decision to initiate the extermination process. Of course, this issue has caused incredible controversyRead MoreI Had The Privilege Of Attending An Event Put On By The Hillel / Jewish Student Organization1415 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust Event I had the privilege of attending an event put on by the Hillel/Jewish Student Organization. The event took place on the campus of Central Michigan University January 27th, 2016, in Pearce Hall. The official name of this event was: â€Å"Holocaust Survivor Martin Lowenberg at Central Michigan University†, and it featured Mr. Martin Lowenberg himself as the presenter. Martin Lowenberg is 87 years old and is from Schenklengsfeld, Germany. He lived in Schenklengsfeld until his 8th birthdayRead MoreWhy Is The Killing Of A Million A Lesser Crime?1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, Darfur, and the Rwanda genocide were all terrible events in history, but why did they occur? The form of genocide had existed since the perception of superiority and inferiority was known. As a superior group gains more and more power, they make an image of their perfect society in their head and strive towards it. They would decimate those who opposed them and anyone they saw as inferior, which is an example of how a genocide can start. Hitler was the leaderRead MoreI Had The Privilege Of Attending An Event Put On By The Hillel / Jewish Student Organization1415 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity January 27th, 2016, in Pearce Hall. The official name of this event was: â€Å"Holocaust Survivor Martin Lowenberg at Central Michigan Universityâ € , and it featured Mr. Martin Lowenberg himself as the presenter. Martin Lowenberg is 87 years old and is from Schenklengsfeld, Germany. He lived in Schenklengsfeld until his 8th birthday, when he was accused of sticking his tongue out at a picture of Adolf Hitler and was forced to sit on a board of nails as a punishment. After this incident, MartinRead MoreThe Wannsee Conference Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesThe Wannsee Conference Have you ever had a business meeting, a conference? Could you imagine a meeting to draw an outline to exterminate a population, 11 million Jews? The Wannsee Conference was a â€Å"meeting† to discuss how they would kill all the Jews. The Wannsee Conference put the Final Solution in motion; the World had lost their opportunity to save 6 million Jews and others. The Beginning Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, after World War 1 when tensions were high because the Treaty ofRead MoreTwo Similar but Different Genocides: The Holocaust and Cambodian Genocide1092 Words   |  5 Pagesthat people would support and act upon plans to kill millions of innocent human beings. The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide were two of the most horrific genocides in the history of civilization. The Holocaust and Cambodian genocide has not only similarities but also differences. How they treated their victims, USA involvement, and that they both killed millions of people are some things they share. Differences they include are the people they targeted, how the two leaders took office and lastlyRead MoreHistory: The Holocaust a Human Error Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe negative events, we learn what went wrong and how to prevent similar tragedies from happening. From the positive, we gather knowledge and comprehension of the basis of our modern society. We are a self- repairing race, analyzing every flaw and figuring out what caused it. Its an ancient practice, trial and error is human nature. However, one of these errors hold a specific purpose in history classes. Similar, yet different. The Holocaust was so intesely horrific, so widespread, and such a strongRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Regime During World War 21480 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust refers to the systematic genocide of over a million Jews perpetrated by the Nazi Regime during World War 2. Since the day it ended, historians over the world have attempted to uncover the true reasons behind the Holocaust, leading to the prominent debate over the exact date the Holocaust initially began. However due to a lack of considerable evidence, many opposing interpretations of the evidence has surfaced with the creation of several schools of thought: the Intentionalist, FunctionalistRead MoreThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 PagesDestiny Corbitt Shawn Underell The Holocaust 21 February 2016 The Holocaust The holocaust is one of the memorable events in history and it is important to know some of its causes and how it was carried out. The Holocaust is a controlled torture that killed roughly six million Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. There were several reasons for these grisly murdersRead MoreThe Aftermath Of The Holocaust1048 Words   |  5 Pages27 October 2015 The Aftermath of the Holocaust Introduction With the end of World War II, came the end of the Holocaust. The aftermath of the Holocaust has had a profound affect on non-Jewish and Jewish survivors who tried to rebuild their lives in society such as the country of Israel gaining statehood. It has changed the way people set up society and the way government functions in certain countries such as Germany following the Holocaust. The Holocaust didn t effect just the world from the

Moral Ambiguity in The Stranger Essay - 727 Words

Has there ever existed a person that has not judged someone else over their lifetime? Judging by reality as well as literature it seems that no person like that has ever existed. It appears that it is human nature to want to pronounce others as either purely good or evil. But does everyone fit into the mold of good or evil? In Albert Camuss The Stranger, Meursault is a morally ambiguous character, and this ethical indistinctness plays a major part in the novel as a whole and the theme that Camus is trying to portray. Meursault resists being typecast into an archetypal moral category in many of his deeds and actions. Many of his actions in Part One of the novel help contribute to the fuzzy picture of the character. For example,†¦show more content†¦Abstractly, it almost seems as though the other characters in the book look down on his for this not because he is not mourning, but rather because he is not mourning in the way they are. This sheds light on the overall theme of the novel, that of people being cast out of society because their views and methods do not line up with the accepted ways of society. The same moral ambiguity is also present in Meursaults murder of the Arab and the ensuing trial. As far as absolute morality goes, the murder is without question an act that falls on the evil side of ethics. That point is not a topic for debate, but in the reasons behind it the reader can find even more of Meursaults moral ambiguity. At the time, he does not seem to know why he is doing what he is doing, but it is certainly not out of spite or malice, nor out of any specific hatred of the Arab himself. He could be harboring a grudge on behalf of his friend, which would be understandable, since Raymond is one of the only people we see Meursault truly connect with in the novel, if it can even be called that. He could be taking preemptive action in self-defense, especially after he sees the knife glinting in the Arabs hand. In truth, it is never truly revealed what his motive for his rash action was, making it hard again toShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1 602 Words   |  7 Pagesbegins with a stranger sharing a peaceful evening with a family near a fireplace. Hawthorne emphasizes the sense of warmth and unity between the intimate group. Although the stranger had just met the tight-knit family, he quickly finds â€Å"warmth and simplicity of feeling† in his surroundings. Hawthorne then shifts the warm tone to serious and thought-provoking, when he introduces death and the legacy one leaves behind, into the conversion. The group shares their future wishes: the stranger yearned toRead MoreAnalysis Of Hofstede s Dimension Of Culture1420 Words   |  6 Pageswithin a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable. 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Another issue is tendency to divorce, aggressive behaviourRead MoreThe practice of using ritual powers, magic and the invocation of spirits-broadly termed as1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbut also dictates a way in which they are expected to react to such unfortunate events. Witchcraft is found in every corner of their culture and influences the way they perceive things and the way their tribe functions according to specific laws, morals, etiquette and religion. The Zande come into daily contact with witchcraft. They respond to it with aggression and annoyance, instead of awe or fear, because it is so much a part if their ordinary world. 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Nursing Decision making on Alternative Possibilities

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Nursing Decision making on Alternative Possibilities. Answer: Introduction Decision making is an important activity in all sectors of work life or professional life. It is a cognitive process where people choose or decide a course of action after analysis of alternative possibilities. Problem analysis is the first step in decision making where the cause of the problem is deduced from sudden changes in the organization. Decision analysis is also an important part of clinical decision making. This report will evaluate the effectiveness of decision analysis to make nursing decisions more explicit. Nursing decision analysis is dependent on certain techniques to make decision making process more explicit. It involves breaking down the process into parts to analyze the benefits of using different action, observation, and probabilities. Based on this fact, the report will critically discuss the different techniques of clinical decision analysis and how it is utilized by nurses during their clinical practice. Based on my own experience of nursing practice, I will e xplain how decision tree helps in evaluating appropriate nursing intervention for patients. Decision analysis Decision analysis is a discipline which involves philosophy, theory, systematic methods and professional practice to address important decisions. It utilizes different procedures, methods, and tools for evaluating important aspects of the decision. Various statistical tools like decision tree analysis, multivariate analysis, and probability forecasting are applied in the workplace to solve real world problems. The primary purpose of decision analysis is to identify the best alternatives to a given situation (Ishizaka Nemery, 2013). Decision making in nursing practice is necessary to make intricate health decisions with insight into future consequences. Decision analysis tool allows nursing leaders to apply evidence-based clinical practice when faced with a complicated situation in clinical services. It assists them in making the best decisions in a complex situation where maximum uncertainty exists. It allows nurses to take appropriate action in the absence of physicians and take ca re of patients health. This decision analysis helps them in choosing the best nursing intervention for the patient to give them relief from their condition. The quality of decision is evaluated by expected consequences and the priority of the decision maker. The decision analysis process helps decision makers like nurses and physicians to think rationally and weigh all the aspects of the problem and their interrelationship (Neumann et al., 2014). Application and scope of decision analysis Decision analysis is used in various private and government organization for decision making. In business, it may be applied in Airline and hotel management, new project launching, oil exploration, credit and loan management and many others. Government utilizes decision analysis in emergency management, environmental risk management, research and development programs, choosing new energy resources, etc. It is also an important aspect of medical diagnosis and treatment and litigation (SlowiÅ„ski, 2012). Its scope lays in making people better decision makers. The set of tools used in the process further helps in making the optimizing the decision making process. Decision analysis relies heavily on people's psychology to process information and access probabilities. Tools of decision analysis are beneficial in making complicated and risky decisions. Despite the availability of tools in decision analysis, it is necessary for decision makers to distinguish between a high quality decision and a lucky outcome. This is important because major decisions are made under uncertainty. People make a high quality decision based on thorough understanding of all aspects of the problem and poor decision relying on luck is made regardless of the quality of decision (Cioffi, 2012). Tools in decision analysis The main components of all decision making model are the decisions to be made, uncertain events, consequences of decision and objectives and preference of decision makers. Graphical paradigm is one of the decision making tools used to structure problems, and it uses graphs like decision trees and influence diagrams to come to a decision. A decision tree is a support tool in decision analysis which illustrates a tree-like a graph or models of decisions along with their possible outcome, cost, and utility. It is a flow chart of structure which shows internal nodes and its branches. An internal node represents a test on an attribute, and the branches represent the outcome of each test. This visual and analytical decision support tool is an efficient method for calculating the expected value of all alternative options in the decision (Larichev Moshkovich, 2013). Another tool used in decision analysis is Influence Diagram. It is an acyclic directed graph in which each node represents a single variable, and the arcs represent the relationship among variables. It is a compact representation of decision problems equivalent to decision trees. The primary principles of structuring decision according to influence diagram includes starting at the value node and coming back to decision nodes, drawing arcs in the easiest probability direction, using informational arcs to specify important events in the decision and ensuring that there are no cycles in the diagram. The strength of influence diagram lies in the fact that it allows decision makers to visualize complex problems in a compact graph that highlights the assumed dependence and independence of variables. This method can be useful in early stages of modeling problems in health care. It helps in discovering what is important in the decision and what is not, thus lead to a high quality decision wi th better outcome in the future (Cooper, 2013). Nurses know that their decision will have important implications for patients health outcomes. Experienced nurse are now increasingly cast in the role of active decision makers by policy makers and other members of health care team. For example in UK, Chief Nursing Officer has given nurses key responsibilities as part of National Health Services modernization agenda. It has broken down the artificial boundary between medicine and nursing. Therefore in the event of active involvement of nurse in decision making, it is important for nurse to access, appraise and evaluate their nursing judgment and decision making by use of appropriate decision analysis tools. It will require them to incorporate research evidence in their decision analysis. This paper will further explain the brief method of nursing decision analysis by use of decision tree. This information will enable nurse to apply this knowledge in their professional practice (Vaismoradi et al., 2013). Advantage of decision analysis in patient care Decision analysis is essential in determining the feasibility and usefulness of a treatment procedure for patients amidst an atmosphere of uncertainty. It offers an explicit and systematic approach to decision making based on the rationality of decision. During decision analysis, health professionals like nurses incorporate many factors and analyze information to come to a structured decision on planning treatment in particular patients. Decision analysis in health care also helps nurses to maintain an ethical standard of care and implement decisions keeping patients optimal health in mind. Decision analysis process helps in uncovering the complexities in problem and acknowledging the choices available for solving the problem (Reuben Tinetti, 2012). Identification of alternatives and their associated uncertainty is the valid step towards improving the relation between patients and nurses. Experienced nurse respects empirical data and patients values too to come to an integrated appr oach for treatment. They look after all the health report of particular patient before dealing with the patient. It enhances the autonomy of patients as they are also involved in it. Patient contributes their thought, and expectation to the doctors and nurses. The medicals staffs like nurses, physicians, etc make an informed decision based on the welfare of patients. It helps in calculating the highs and lows of a treatment procedure for particular patients. Therefore, health professional comes to a decision after reconciling both research evidence and preference of patients (Fayers Machin, 2013). In clinical decision analysis, healthcare team of nurses, doctors, surgeons, etc evaluates the choices and potential outcome of a procedure for a particular individual. They represent their decision in a decision tree. The decision is depicted in square nodes, and the chance of outcome is depicted in circular nodes. The line connecting the nodes illustrates the period of action. Two types of data are illustrated in decision tree-one is the probability of events according to evidence-based research and other is the expectation of the patients (Veroff et al., 2013). For example, in the case of deciding the treatment options for decreasing the risk of stroke in a patient with valvular atrial fibrillation, two choices are available. Nurses decide on giving either warfarin or aspirin to patients based on incidents of stroke and treatment side effects from different population studies. The decision analysis helps in eliciting implications of treatment in various patients with different hea lth status. This approach of decision making process is useful in making treatment procedure tailored according to the needs of the patient (Giugliano et al., 2013). Practical issues in clinical decision making In spite of several advantages of clinical decision analysis, several issues also exist in implementing the decision in different clinical context. One problem occurs in calculating patient utilities. The patient utility is calculated regarding preference of patients that expresses their moral, satisfaction and personal values. It is ranked by ordinal values but calculated by cardinal values. Therefore, the problem is to decide whether cardinal values will determine the strengths of preference in patients. To make future health decisions, health professionals assess different dimensions of outcomes in term of cardinal values such 0 indicating death and 1.0 indicating perfect health. Many people are not able to evaluate patients utilities, and an error occurs in putting a value on something which is not required in decision analysis. Nurses should also learn to calculate the utilities of patient which will provide better health outcome in the future (Pocock, 2013). Health care team like nurses and specialized physicians also face problems in ethical considerations of decisions. Ethical values can be preserved in the decision by involving patients in decision making. But this is a complex process as it requires the transfer of responsibility from health professionals to patients. The nurse may need to make the patient understand why particular treatment is necessary for them. When patients are aware of the reasons for intervention, they can better respond to treatment and it also eliminates any nervousness about the procedure. But the ways of giving support to patients may differ, and bias may occur (Portney Watkins, 2015).Decision making may also become difficult due to complexities in calculating utilities because of significant difference in outcome and impact of complications. It also becomes difficult when the patient is less likely to take a risk and gives more importance to the certain outcome of treatment. Many patients are afraid of ce rtain aspects of treatment; it becomes very difficult for nurse to convince such patients. Another drawback in decision analysis is that patient's attitude to risk is not explored during quantification of probability. This factor is rarely inserted in the decision tree, and it is assumed that all patients have the same risk in the treatment procedure. This issue is not included in utility measurement, and so error might occur in utility calculation as patient's risk factor is missed. Many decision makers also revealed that it is a complex process to fill decision trees with accurate data. Data is derived from a selected sample study or review of the literature, so there is a minimum chance of accuracy of information. Therefore it emphasizes the need to work on those areas where evidence is not available. Clinical practice is a complex process involving many aspects of health care services so that heterogeneity might be an obstacle in practical decision analysis. For example, in the case of planning for the intervention of diabetes control, many decision nodes can be depict ed such as severity of disease, morbidities like obesity, hypertension, and ischaemic heart disease. This is an obstacle in probability estimation for nurses and doctors. Therefore decision analysis is easier in a clinical setting with limited variability and challenging in cases where a lot of variables exist. Critical reflection of my clinical decision analysis with relevant example I will explain how decision analysis work from a relevant example from my nursing practice. I have to take many decisions under conditions of uncertainty. This is because individual patients response to treatment differs according to their health condition. It is also very unclear whether exacerbation of disease will repeat or whether patient will adhere to treatment regimen. My nursing decision is also dependent on how patient feels about the treatment. I generally try to analyze my decision by a decision tree and decide whether particular nursing intervention will be good for the patient or not. Here is an example of my decision analysis while dealing with one patient in my nursing practice. Once I had to care for a patient with leg ulcer using compression bandage. The patients ulcer had healed but as a nurse I was worried it may recur. I thought I should keep on with compression treatment on patient so that it stops the ulcer from recurring. I had to review a number of nursing interventions with different level of compression. Another difficulty I faced was that during the initial stage of treatment, the patient faced a lot of difficulty with sticking to the compression bandage regime. So, I also wanted to discuss with the patient regarding the benefits and limitation of her going through compression treatment. I wanted to get her view regarding how she felt about the treatment to come to my final decision. My priority was to get the patient involved in my decision making process because as a nurse satisfying the patient through my care was my goal. I wanted the patient to be an informed partner in nursing care rather than a passive recipient of treatment procedure (Nursingtimes.net, 2016). Three possible choices that I will have to make through my decision analysis are: Not to opt for the treatment To give patient high-compression hosiery To make her wear moderate-compression hosiery Decision analysis in nursing practice Based on appropriate nursing intervention of patient's problem, I went about in finding the best remedy for preventing recurrence of ulcer in patient. Decision analysis is an approach to evaluate difficult decisions. In nursing practice, it is utilized at the individual level to decide appropriate treatment for patient and in a group level, it is utilized in developing nursing guideline and recommendation to upgrade the nursing service and maintain competency in health care. Major nursing decision analyses are done by drawing a decision tree. It is the easiest way to understand and estimate decisions. I also took the help of decision tree to evaluate my decision of determining the best nursing care for patients (Vickers, 2012). My decision analysis began with the illustration of the clinical problem in a decision tree. It is a tool which gives structure to a decision. I constructed it according to treatment effectiveness, and I also included the complications of treatment in the decision tree. The decision tree consists of essential elements like nodes, set of branches representing the outcome of decision and time flow from left to right. Each branch in the tree is linked to a node, which represents an event. There is a square node which depicts the choice that the decision maker has to make after proper interpretation of all options available for treatment. The circle node is the chance node which shows uncertain events with multiple outcomes. The triangle node is used to represent final consequences of treatment. It is also the end point of the decision tree (Johansen O'Brien, 2015, February). My decision tree has a decision node depicting the optimal nursing intervention for leg ulcer. It has three branches emanating from it which is the chance node. The chance node depicts my option for treatment such as no treatment, high compression bandage or moderate compression bandage. Further branches from each node depict the probability and utility value for adherence to treatment and not adhering to treatment. The ultimate outcome will be either ulcer recurs in patient or no problem occurs. Each event has uncertainty associated with it. I will do probability analysis for each chance events in my decision tree (Kuhn et al., 2014). Probability analysis through nursing decision tree The next step is to assign probabilities and numerical estimate value to the decision tree. Two types of estimate exist in decision analysis-one is probability value and other is outcome values. Chance nodes are given probability values, and terminal nodes are given outcome values. The more is the accuracy of the estimates, better is the validity of decision analysis. This section is about how to come to outcome values in nursing decision analysis. The proper prediction of probabilities helps in assigning outcome values at the end of branches of the decision tree. Utility means the degree of possibility of a health outcome and it measures the quality of life in values of 0 to 1.0. Generally in health scenarios, two possible utilities are death and good health. Death is given a utility value of 1.0 while good health is given a utility value of 1.0. Thus utility value summarizes the positive and negative aspects of health outcome. Direct measurement of utilities is an expensive and time-consuming process (Shaban, 2015). So relying on expert consensus and searching relevant literature is an alternative option that decision makers can take. To determine the accuracy of my estimates, I researched much scientific literature to get the idea about the effectiveness of each treatment options. These systematic reviews help in studying credible research which is based on high-quality trials and evidence-based studies. It helped me determine efficacy and degree of risk involved in each treatment options (Holt et al., 2016). But the problem that decision m akers face is that they may not always get high quality studies with valid information. In that, they have to look for other sources to get information such as expert opinion or by conducting a survey. The values given to probability range from 0 meaning impossible to 1.0 meaning absolute certainty of events. Chance and utilities in my nursing decision: For moderate compression hosiery: The number associated with each branch of chance node of my decision tree represents the degree of uncertainty in my nursing decision. I came across this value after studying experience of hundreds of patients with ulcer and who has undergone similar treatment. It has an estimate of likelihood of ulcer without treatment which is 64%. The chance of patient adhering to treatment with high compression bandage is 57% and that with moderate compression bandage is 82%. The chance of ulcer recurring after adherence to treatment was 32% in high compression treatment and 34 % in moderate compression treatment. This probability values has been shown in decimal in my decision tree. The number at the end of each branch is the utility value for each outcome. It represent the weightage of each treatment option by the patient or how they feel about it. Utility value 0 is associated with worse health outcome while utility value 100 is associated with best possible health outcome (Nursingtimes.net, 2 016). Figure 1: Example of decision tree to determine optimal nursing intervention for leg ulcer. (2016).Nursingtimes.net. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.nursingtimes.net/download?ac=1257006 I have given much preference to the utilities of patient regarding how patient feel about different outcomes. The patient preference is mostly determined by societal-level evaluations like quality adjusted life year (QALY). In my nursing decision tree, I have given occurrence of ulcer and having pain a value of 0.35. It is a calculated average value and not based on individual patient. The next for me was to determine which treatment option has the highest weightage or utility value. Based on that only, I finalized my decision to give appropriate treatment to the patient with leg ulcer. To calculate the value of each chance outcome, I multiplied the probability value with utility value and then added them up. All the value associated with each chance ooutcome has been shown in the above diagram of my decision tree. To calculate and estimate my decisions, I decided to interpret my decisions from right to left of the decision tree. This method of coming to a decision is called rolling back the tree. Ultimately the value at each terminal node depicts the final decision which is the best possible treatment option for patients (Ashby et al., 2014). Therefore after backward calculation, I got the following value for my decision option: The total expected value for no outcome was 0.58. The value for high-compression hosiery treatment was 0.7. The value for moderate-compression hosiery treatment was 0.74. Therefore, after interpreting my decision option through decision tree, I finally came to my final decision. I decided that treating the patient with moderate compression hosiery will be an optimal nursing decision. Now I was sure that the patient will benefit from this nursing intervention and she will have minimum chance of recurrence of leg ulcer. Sensitivity analysis: From the above decision tree, it is seen that any decision analysis is dependent on values entered into the decision model. There is high uncertainty associated with it. To identify how uncertainty affects the final result, I also decided to do carry out a sensitivity analysis. In my nursing decision, there was great uncertainty regarding the chance of ulcer recurring without treatment. After reviewing several literature and studies on this topic, I found that probability range from 26 to 69% after one year of treatment (Dowding et al., 2012). I also felt that patient will have different value as they are the one living with the ulcer and suffering every day. So, this sensitivity analysis was essential to determine optimal option in different context. It then helps in identifying factors were change in value changes the best treatment option. In sensitivity analysis I found that high compression hosiery compliance rate is 10 to 90%. So identifies threshold value to be 77%. It meant i f compliance rate is 77% then I will go for high compression treatment but if it is lower than that, then I will give moderate compression hosiery the final preference. The utility value for high compression hosiery in my decision tree was 70% which was less than 77%. So, based on that I finalized my decision to carry forward moderate compression hosiery treatment on patient. I finally came to the conclusion that for my current patient with leg ulcer, my treatment option was not affected by change in patient preference (Nursingtimes.net, 2016). Implications for nursing practice This method of nursing decision analysis has great implications in my nursing career. It helped me in clarifying any doubts and coming to a confirmed decision which will be the best for patients. Many a times it has helped me solving complex nursing problems. Decision tree is a n effective tool that aids nurse in their clinical problem. It allows the application of valuable research evidence to individual patient situations. Though till now decision analysis has been mainly used in medical practice, but in exceptional cases nurse is also utilizing it to examine the appropriate nursing intervention for patients with different health complications. It is also uses as a teaching aid to teach new nurse trainee how to take better decision in their actual nursing practice. It is suitable for those nursing decision where there is choice between alternative treatments, nurse has enough time to contemplate different choices, using research evidence and when patient views are considered (Polit Beck, 2013).However, it is dependent on accurate probability estimates. It probability is not assigned by research evidence, and then expert opinion is taken. Drawbacks in decision analysis The validity of nursing decision analysis may not always be credible. There is a chance of biases when the nurses do not consider high quality relevant literature for taking out information related to the nursing decision. There is also a high degree of uncertainty with each probability of events because what happens, in reality, is also unpredictable. It might be possible that patient might react differently in spite of evidence showing a different outcome. In this situation, sensitivity analyses are essential where a range of probabilities is considered in an analytical manner. It involves repeatedly folding back a decision tree (Ishizaka Nemery, 2013).If any event is associated with a high degree of uncertainty, then decision remain uncertain until high quality evidence is available for a particular event. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis plays a vital role in minimizing gaps in nursing practice and accurately addresses any vagueness in the study. In my nursing decision also, I found very few evidence to prove effectiveness rate of leg ulcer treatment. So I had to put extra efforts by taking the opinion of expert physicians regarding best option to stop recurrence of ulcer in patient. I also realized that in the case of decisions which are sensitive to poor evidence, wide angle of research will be needed in making decisions (Eiselt Sandblom, 2013). This type of decision analysis is common in health care service. This approach of decision analyses was first used by physicians to decide appropriate treatment options for individual patients. Now it is widely used by nurse too to teach junior nurse how to make appropriate nursing care decisions. Health care team and policy makers now actively involve nurses in decision making. This factor made it more necessary for nurse to know the technique of decision analysis to come to a decision. It helped them in critically analyzing all the available options for treatment and then planning a treatment regimen for particular patients. It is also used by health care economist to evaluate and implement health care programs according to the needs of the community. It helps in identifying the gaps in health care infrastructures such as lack of medical staff, inadequate medical equipment, low competency, poor quality of health care, etc (Seo Sakawa, 2012). The example of decision tree above is a simplified example, but in reality, many more complexities may exist. The different patient may have a different response to nursing intervention. For instance in the above example, the patient may get relieve from ulcer for some time, but there was great possibility that her leg ulcer pain will recur if she leaves the treatment regimen. Many expert nurses utilize software to simulate a large data revealing what has happened in patients receiving a particular treatment. It is dependent on Markov state transition models that will allow realistic representation of real events (Vickers, 2012). Markov state transition model in health care Markov model is a decision tree used for problems that have continued risk involved in it such as screening for colorectal cancer. In such cases representing events with conventional decision tree is difficult, so the Markov model is utilized in such situations. It assumes the patient to be at discrete health states and events are a transition from one form of health to another. State-transition modeling is a flexible approach to computer-based analytical modeling. It includes Markov Model cohort simulation and individual-based simulation. State transition model is one of the most popular techniques for clinical decision analysis, evaluation of health service and assessment of medical treatment and technology. It is utilized in different population and disease studies and applied in making appropriate public health care strategies. It is a valuable tool for risk assessment, intervention screening, treatment methods and procedures and disease management programs (Solomon et al., 2014) . State transition model is utilized by nurses to compare and evaluate the various clinical responses. In the case of primary prevention strategies, it is used to determine the risk of developing a particular disease in particular areas. It investigates the risk factors before the development of disease by conducting a study of individual living in that area. This model is also useful in evaluating screening strategies for newborns or for preventing HIV or cancer in patients. It covers many aspects of screening such as type and routine of test used the interval of screening, diagnostic plan and the age of patients at the start of screening. It is also a useful method for identifying diagnostic strategies for individuals with a chronic disease or those with early signs and symptoms of the disease. In the case of a person who already suffers from the disease, this process reveals the natural history of illness, effect of possible treatment and expected prognosis routine in the absence of intervention (Siebert et al., 2012). Example of use of Markov models in nursing care This section will describe a method used by nurse to estimate the cost-effectiveness of nursing intervention that reduces hospital readmission among old patient. They utilized cost-effectiveness model to estimate the health benefit of any intervention planned. The model was dependent on data collected from randomized controlled trial in an Australian hospital. First the nurse tried to identify the risk associated with acute medical admission for old patients. They found that patient above 65 years of age had risk of multiple co morbidities and impaired function due to readmission. Some also were at risk due to poor social support and history of depression. The intervention was related to comprehensive nursing assessment which suggested individually tailored program of exercise strategy for old patients. It was also planned to give necessary care to older patient in their home. Therefore nurse will visit the patients home and patient will follow-up via telephonic conversation. Major d iagnosis will commence in hospital but nursing care will continue after discharge till 24 weeks (Graves, 2010). The purpose of this decision was to improve the cost of outcomes in patient. It would mean decreasing cost of nursing intervention and improving health benefit in such patients. They measured health benefit according to Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY). They compared this intervention with existing nursing practice to determine the efficacy of the intervention. They describe the progress of all patients using Markov State Transition Model. The advantage of this model is that it helps in quantifying a decision problem that has risk over time. The timing of event is important in this case and it also considers the chance of events getting repeated which was not considered in decision tree analysis. It is also important to know that when time moves on, patient may consider staying at home or moving to a community care facility or home nursing service for treatment (Solomon et al., 2014). When they studied change in total cost and quality adjusted life years for group of older patients over 24 weeks, they found that cost and quality adjusted life year remarkably improved in all patients. The mean net health cost benefit for all individual with the new intervention compared to usual care routine increased for patient within the period of 24 weeks. Therefore considering the benefit to patient, they found that adopting this nursing intervention will be highly beneficial for elderly hospitalized patients (Jo et al., 2015). Ways of improving analysis Effective decision analysis is difficult because uncertainty exists regarding what will happen if decision makers do not follow the standard course of action. This problem is also faced in nursing practice. However, the process can be improved by following the process honestly. Nurses can question themselves regarding accuracy of their decision by questions like- Whether all standard strategies were followed or not? Whether all important outcomes of events were covered? Was appropriate model applied for decision analysis? Whether values were assigned to outcome in a systematic manner? Whether the impact of probability values was evaluated efficiently or not? Conclusion From the detailed report on clinical decision analysis, it can be concluded that quality of decision analysis depends on the effort of nurses. The report gave information about decision analysis process and types of a tool utilized for decision analysis. It explained with the example of a patient with leg ulcer that how nurses comes to a decision for appropriate treatment based on decision making tree. It described the complete structure of a decision tree and how a nurse can calculate utility value to come to a decision. It explained the drawbacks in the decision tree and also suggested how to improve it by use of Markov state transition model. This was explained with a relevant example. Finally, it also revealed the ways by which nurses and other health staff can reduce limitation in decision analysis. Reference Ashby, R. L., Gabe, R., Ali, S., Saramago, P., Chuang, L. H., Adderley, U., ... Kangombe, A. R. (2014). Cost-effectiveness analyses methods. Cioffi, J. (2012). Expanding the scope of decision-making research for nursing and midwifery practice.International journal of nursing studies,49(4), 481-489. Cooper, G. F. (2013). A method for using belief networks as influence diagrams.arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.2346. Decision tree. Reproduction of clinical reality observe | Open-i. (2016).Openi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2016, from https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2626578_1478-7547-6-21-1req=4 Dowding, D. W., Turley, M., Garrido, T. (2012). The impact of an electronic health record on nurse sensitive patient outcomes: an interrupted time series analysis.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,19(4), 615-620. Eiselt, H. A., Sandblom, C. L. (2013).Decision analysis, location models, and scheduling problems. Springer Science Business Media. Fayers, P. M., Machin, D. (2013).Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. John Wiley Sons. Giugliano, R. P., Ruff, C. T., Braunwald, E., Murphy, S. A., Wiviott, S. D., Halperin, J. L., ... Ruzyllo, W. (2013). Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.New England Journal of Medicine,369(22), 2093-2104. Graves, N., Courtney, M., Edwards, H., Chang, A., Parker, A., Finlayson, K. (2010). Cost-Effectiveness of an Intervention to Reduce Emergency Re-Admissions to Hospital among Older Patients.Plos ONE,4(10), e7455. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007455 Hemphill, J. C., Greenberg, S. M., Anderson, C. S., Becker, K., Bendok, B. R., Cushman, M., ... Scott, P. A. (2015). Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke,46(7), 2032-2060. Holt, I. G., Green, S. M., Nelson, E. A. (2016). Oral nutritional supplements for treating venous leg ulcers.The Cochrane Library. Ishizaka, A., Nemery, P. (2013).Multi-criteria decision analysis: methods and software. John Wiley Sons. Ishizaka, A., Nemery, P. (2013).Multi-criteria decision analysis: methods and software. John Wiley Sons. Jo, Y., Loghmanpour, N., Ros, C. P. (2015, October). Time Series Analysis of Nursing Notes for Mortality Prediction via a State Transition Topic Model. InProceedings of the 24th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management(pp. 1171-1180). ACM. Johansen, M. L., O'Brien, J. L. (2015, February). Decision making in nursing practice: a concept analysis. InNursing forum. Kuhn, L., Page, K., Ward, J., Worrallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Carter, L. (2014). The process and utility of classification and regression tree methodology in nursing research.Journal of advanced nursing,70(6), 1276-1286. Larichev, O. I., Moshkovich, H. M. (2013).Verbal decision analysis for unstructured problems(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Neumann, I., Akl, E. A., Vandvik, P. O., Agoritsas, T., Alonso-Coello, P., Rind, D. M., ... Bates, S. (2014). Clinical Practice Guidelines and Decision Analyses.TITLE: Clinical Practice Guidelines: Facilitating Their Use and Enhancing Their Trustworthiness, 9. Pocock, S. J. (2013).Clinical trials: a practical approach. John Wiley Sons. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Portney, L. G., Watkins, M. P. (2015).Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. FA Davis. Puterman, M. L. (2014).Markov decision processes: discrete stochastic dynamic programming. John Wiley Sons. Reuben, D. B., Tinetti, M. E. (2012). Goal-oriented patient carean alternative health outcomes paradigm.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), 777-779. Seo, F., Sakawa, M. (2012).Multiple criteria decision analysis in regional planning: concepts, methods and applications(Vol. 10). Springer Science Business Media. Shaban, R. (2015). Theories of clinical judgment and decision-making: A review of the theoretical literature.Australasian Journal of Paramedicine,3(1). Siebert, U., Alagoz, O., Bayoumi, A. M., Jahn, B., Owens, D. K., Cohen, D. J., ... ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force. (2012). State-transition modeling: a report of the ISPOR-SMDM modeling good research practices task force-3.Value in Health,15(6), 812-820. SlowiÅ„ski, R. (Ed.). (2012).Fuzzy sets in decision analysis, operations research and statistics(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Solomon, D. H., Patrick, A. R., Schousboe, J., Losina, E. (2014). The Potential Economic Benefits of Improved Postfracture Care: A Costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Effectiveness Analysis of a Fracture Liaison Service in the US Healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Care System.Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,29(7), 1667-1674. Solomon, D. H., Patrick, A. R., Schousboe, J., Losina, E. (2014). The Potential Economic Benefits of Improved Postfracture Care: A Costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Effectiveness Analysis of a Fracture Liaison Service in the US Healthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Care System.Journal of Bone and Mineral Research,29(7), 1667-1674. Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study.Nursing health sciences,15(3), 398-405. van Walsem, A., Pandhi, S., Nixon, R. M., Guyot, P., Karabis, A., Moore, R. A. (2015). Relative benefit-risk comparing diclofenac to other traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis: a network meta-analysis.Arthritis research therapy,17(1), 1. Veroff, D., Marr, A., Wennberg, D. E. (2013). Enhanced support for shared decision making reduced costs of care for patients with preference-sensitive conditions.Health Affairs,32(2), 285-293. Vickers, A. J. (2012). Decision analysis for the evaluation of diagnostic tests, prediction models, and molecular markers.The American Statistician. Vickers, A. J. (2012). Decision analysis for the evaluation of diagnostic tests, prediction models, and molecular markers.The American Statistician. Wouterse, B., Huisman, M., Meijboom, B. R., Deeg, D. J., Polder, J. J. (2013). Modeling the relationship between health and health care expenditures using a latent Markov model.Journal of health economics,32(2), 423-439. Yu, J., Shah, B. M., Ip, E. J., Chan, J. (2013). A Markov model of the cost-effectiveness of pharmacist care for diabetes in prevention of cardiovascular diseases: evidence from Kaiser Permanente Northern California.Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy,19(2), 102-114.

Salesforce

Introduction Salesforce is one of the leading business information companies specializing in offering business solutions through application services to various companies. It provides on-demand software and several other application services that facilitate online sharing of customer information by different organizations (Round Rock 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salesforce-Customer Relationship Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In simple terms, the company specializes in offering customer relationship management services to any business entity requiring its services regardless of its size. The operational areas of the company are United States, Asia Pacific and Europe. Over the years, the company has succeeded in helping organizations launch their products in the market and offers the relevant business advice to the concerned parties (Anon, 2000). The success of the company can be ana lyzed as described in the below brief report. Saleforce’s target customers As pointed out earlier, Salesforce Company provides on-demand software and application services to its clients. The latest revelations about company’s customers indicate it has over 72500 customers worldwide. Once a customer has been provided with the desired product, he/she makes up down payment or professional fee that is followed by regular periodic subscriptions as long as the customer continues enjoying the company’s services (Round Rock, 2009). The company’s target customers comprise of clients willing to use online mode in the management of their customers’ accounts, tracking their sales leads and provision of after-sales service. All customers interested in assessing AppExchange, an online directory that enables the clients to surf, test and if need be, install applications created on the Force.com platform can access these services from the company (Anon, 2000). Whi le developing any product, the company conducts thorough market survey to establish customer needs that match customer demands based on modern technology and changing consumer needs.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The geographical areas where the company offers its online services have reliable clients well known for extensive use of web and online-related services. The customer satisfaction can be confirmed from the increasing number of customers in the past few years, an indicator that their demands and satisfaction are adequately met (Kroenke, 2009). Salesforce’s strengths The company has already secured itself a significant market position. It is among the companies recognized worldwide for the provision of on-demand Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions. The company has succeeded in provision of sophisticated, integrated and beneficial busine ss applications to many organizations. In the entire industry where the company operates, it has earned itself a reputable image due to efficiency provision of major CRM technology providers in larger capital markets (Round Rock, 2009). Salesforce.com provides excellent product strategies and execution. In the year 2009, Salesforce.com won four different CRM market awards based on achievement and success from four different company perspectives. The company’s position in the market as a leader in the on-demand CRM increases its brand image as well as increasing the market competitiveness. Another strength of the company can be viewed in terms of its research and development (Kroenke, 2009). The company has invested and devoted its resources substantially in technological development in the past few years. The Research Development (RD) efforts have enabled the company formulate new proprietary services that have greatly improved the effectiveness and performance of existing s ervice delivery. For instance, the unveiling of Salesforce Chatter in the year 2009 brought about excellent social development platform. Besides, the company also launched Force.com visual process manager that since then has enabled many organizations to design and initiate business process in their applications without necessarily using software (Anon, 2000). More emphasis on RD has helped the company retain its competitive position in the market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Salesforce-Customer Relationship Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has so far maintained and controlled huge customer base in the market that can be linked to its goodwill. The customers have been increasing over the years. Some of the company’s customers include small, medium size and large enterprises. For instance, the customer base increased from 29800 in 2007 to 72500 in 2010 marking a 34 perce nt increase. This increase is attributed to escalating demand for company’s products across the globe. Stronger customer additions led to subsequent growth of subscription and support revenues. Consequently, the company’s revenues rose by 32 percent between the year 2008 and 2010. Strong customer additions contribute towards company’s strength since the company is assured of a large market share in the industry (Round Rock, 2009). Weaknesses Despite much potential strengths that the company possesses, several weaknesses on the part of performance and marketability may affect its success. One of the major weaknesses of Salesforce is the concentration of its market operations in one country (Anon, 2000). The company has for the past years relied on Americas for the generation of revenues. For instance, more that two thirds of the company’s total revenues came from America in the financial year 2010. Europe and Asia Pacific generated mere 17.8 percent and 11 .4 percent respectively. In the financial year 2009 and 2008 the Americas contributed 72.1 percent and 74.5 percent respectively of the company’s total revenue. This is a very dangerous and risk phenomenon since concentration of business activities in one geographical area is vulnerable to unforeseen economic and political uncertainties in a given market (Kroenke, 2009). Further, the company’s global operations contributed less than a third of its total revenues for the financial year 2008, 2009 and 2010. Though global revenues have improved slightly in the recent years, their contribution is very minimal as compared to other competitors’ international operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This high dependence on a particular geographical area exposes business to severe risks and may restrict its growth opportunities. Salesforce’s customer success with Dell In 2009, Dell and Salesforce.com launched an application by the name Cloud computing in a move to enhance customer relationship management delivery via the cloud (Round Rock, 2009). The solutions helped business in the United States manage and control their customers and processes in an efficient manner through applying sales force automation with CRM in all the entire businesses. This enables customers to manage their information /and other programs without additional software or hardware at lower costs. Some of the challenges involved in launching the application were the initial high costs incurred in the installation. The other challenge was penetration of the newly launched application to the market due to its complicity in the use and adoption. However, the outcomes of the joint collaboration were so s ignificant since customers benefited immensely as a result of the launch (Round Rock, 2009). The specific users of the application could customize and integrate CRM to fit the specific needs of their organizations. The Salesforce.com provided CRM solution, while Dell, provided options for services migration between the customers. Salesforce’s customer success with Symantec Symantec is an international infrastructure software developer that facilitates interconnection between businesses and customers. Customers can protect their infrastructure and information through development of software and applications that reduce risks to security and performance (Anon, 2000). Salesforce CRM was chosen by Symantec Corporation to facilitate the development of an application that could lead to better service delivery on the part of the company. For the purpose of scaling, the Salesforce CRM on-demand device was adopted by the Salesforce.com. While Symantec IT department did thorough analys is and evaluation, its sales and marketing team were negotiating with Salesforce CRM due to superior productivity and goodwill. Following the successful launching of the application, Symantec could easily achieve its adoption objectives within a short period of time. In addition, the shape and accuracy of the pipeline has improved since the Salesforce was incorporated (Anon, 2000). Symantec is now in a position to set sales strategy more effectively and move forward successfully. The major challenge faced even after the successful merger was convincing customers the benefits associated with the newly created software bearing in mind that Symantec had previously tried other mergers like Veritas software and there were no success. Conclusion The success and performance of any company dealing with software applications and other related online products will depend on how creative and innovative a company is in meeting the consumer changing demands (Kroenke, 2009). This will also be det ermined by the company’s ability to carry out extensive and comprehensive research about the consumer needs. Any innovative solutions formulated and developed must always match with the consumer’s demands. Salesforce has been able to survive in the market due to excellent strategies adopted and the ability to produce a variety of products with varying functions thus having an access of large market area. References Anon. (2000). Salesforce CRM Drives Enterprise Success at Symantec: 3,900 Users, 40 Countries, and 11 Languages in 3.5 Months.. Retrieved from https://www.salesforce.com/eu/customer-success-stories/ Kroenke, D. (2009). MIS, 2nd edition, New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Round Rock. (2009). Dell and Salseforce.com launch cloud-computing offerings for sonbs. Retrieved from https://www.dell.com/en-us This research paper on Salesforce-Customer Relationship Management was written and submitted by user Taraji E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

One Justice in To Kill A Mockingbird Research Paper Example

One Justice in To Kill A Mockingbird Research Paper Example One Justice in To Kill A Mockingbird Paper One Justice in To Kill A Mockingbird Paper Essay Topic: Literature To Kill a Mockingbird Everyone has their own ideas of what is just and moral. Everyones idea of unfairness is established as a child, denied candy or a late curfew. As our perceptions grow more sophisticated, one question cannot be avioded: What is justice? In Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, many themes of justice are explored. Each child in the story comes to a different conclusion concerning the importance of justice. Their opinions are crafted in the waring sides of fairness and prejudice that divide the town of Maycomb, Alabama. The first differing philopsy in Maycomb is that of fairness and law over prejudice and money. This view of justice is held by many influential powers, including characters that are central to the development of Jem, Dill, and Scout. These characters include Atticus Finch, Miss Maudie, Heck Tate, Dolphus Raymond and even to an extent Mr Underwood, who despises negroes (Lee, 156) but chooses to uphold the law before his own personal prejudices. Most important to the three children is Atticus Finch, who as a father has raised Jem and Scout on his own principle of justice, that in our courts all men are created equal (Lee, 156). Like Atticus, this side of the conflict believe firmly in the integrity of [the] courts (Lee, 205) to fulfill societys obligations of justice. Until Jem, Dill and Scout are exposed to the other opinionated side of this silent battle, all three find no gaps in their personal perceptions of justice. This conflicting barrage of opinions that they encounter is described by Atticus as Maycombs disease (Lee, 81). In the case of Tom Robinson some people (Ms Dubose, Miss Gates, Stephanie Crawford, Bob Ewell, and others) have been spreading high talk that [Atticus] shouldnt do much about defending [Tom] (Lee, 75). These people believe that it is appropriate for justice to be warped by social pressure and a jury that is prejudice, and in the words of Atticus, they couldnt be fair if they tried (Lee, 220). The three main protagonists in the story, Jem, Dill and Scout are all children. All three face these two conflicting models and each connects to a certain shade of gray within the side of law and order. All three children eventually reach the conclusion that the people of Maycomb are not the best folks in the world (Lee, 215) as they had once believed. To the contrary, their friends and neighbors harbor deep imperfections which they discover like somethin asleep wrapped up in a warm place (Lee, 215). To clearly illustrate each childs own discoveries and prospects on the idea of justice, each must be compared to another adult character in the novel. The greatest influence on young Jem Finch is Atticus, a man whose faith in the court system is paramount to his beliefs. Jem aspires to be a lawyer, but is not resigned to the idea that biased juries are acceptable. Instead, he makes a promise to do something about heathen juries [] soon as [he gets] grown (Lee, 216). Like Atticus, Jem believes that ultimate justice is obtainable in the states judicial system. Dill Harris shares a very different view of justice then his two best friends. His aptitude can be compared to Dolphus Raymond. Both characters have a cynical lack of faith when it comes to the people of Maycomb, represented by Dills statement, there aint one thing in this world I can do about folks except laugh (Lee, 216), and Raymonds farce of being in the clutches of whisky (Lee, 200). Unlike Jem, Dill is unmotivated to work towards a world free of prejudice and is resigned to the idea. Out of all three of the children in the story, Scouts perception of justice is most difficult to divulge. While the reader is only able to hear Jem and Dills point of view when they decide to speak, all of Scouts contemplations are offered. Scouts initial view of justice is simplistic, her barbaric idea of revenge through fights is unchallenged. When Scout agrees with Heck Tate at the end of the novel and claims that forcing Arthur Radley to testify would be like sort of like shootin a mocking bird (Lee, 276), she makes an important designation between herself and her father. Heck Tate takes into account the circumstances of the events and fundamentally lies to protect Arthur. Scout sees this as acceptable, while Atticus is uneasy with the idea, claiming nobodys hushing this up. I dont live that way (Lee, 273). Scouts ability as a child to take into account circumstance in her perception of justice makes her reasoning much more sophisticated then that of the court system. In conclusion, its clear that all three children in To Kill A Mockingbird harbor their own individual perceptions of what justice really is, shaped by the many influential adults in their lives. Among many themes, To Kill A Mockingbird offers a microcosm of the ideals of justice in a multi-faceted society that influences all our perceptions, especially in childhood.

Avoid These Common Mistakes While Learning Spanish

Avoid These Common Mistakes While Learning Spanish You want to learn Spanish but still sound like you know what youre doing? If so, here are 10 mistakes you can avoid in your studies: 10. Being Afraid To Make Mistakes The truth is, nobody learns a foreign language without making mistakes along the way, and thats one we all learn, even with our native language. The good news is that wherever you go in the Spanish-speaking world, your sincere attempts to learn the language will almost always be appreciated. 9. Assuming That the Textbook Knows Best Even educated people dont always talk according to the rules. Although Spanish according to the rules will almost always be understood, it can lack the texture and sincerity of Spanish as it really is spoken. Once you feel comfortable using the language, feel free to imitate the Spanish you hear in real life and ignore what your textbook (or this site) tells you. 8. Ignoring Proper Pronunciation Spanish pronunciation isnt all that difficult to learn, and you should make an effort to imitate native speakers whenever possible. The most common mistakes of beginners include making the l of fà ºtbol sound like the ll in football, making the b and v sound different from each other (the sounds are identical in Spanish), and failing to trill the r. 7. Not Learning the Subjunctive Mood In English, we seldom make a distinction when verbs are in the subjunctive mood. But the subjunctive cant be avoided in Spanish if you wish to do more than state simple facts and ask simple questions. 6. Not Learning When To Use Articles Foreigners learning English often have a hard time knowing when to use or not use a, an and the, and its the same for English speakers trying to learn Spanish, where the definite (el, la, los, and las) indefinite articles (un, una, unos, and unas) can be confusing.. Using them incorrectly usually wont keep you from being understood, but it will mark you as someone whos awkward with the language. 5. Translating Idioms Word for Word Both Spanish and English have their share of idioms, phrases whose meanings cannot readily be determined from the meanings of the individual words. Some idioms translate exactly (for example, bajo control means under control), but many dont. For example, en el acto is an idiom meaning on the spot. Translate it word for word and youll end up with in the act, not the same thing. 4. Always Following English Word Order You can usually follow English sentence order (except for putting most adjectives after the nouns they modify) and be understood. But as youre learning the language, pay attention to the many times where the subject is placed after the verb. Changing the word order can sometimes subtly change the meaning of a sentence, and your use of the language can be enriched as you learn different word orders. Also, some English constructions, such as placing a preposition at the end of a sentence, should not be imitated in Spanish. 3. Not Learning How To Use Prepositions Prepositions can be notoriously challenging. It can be helpful to think about the purpose of the prepositions as you learn them, rather than their translations. This will help you avoid mistakes such as using pienso acerca de ti (Im thinking near you) instead of pienso en ti for Im thinking about you.. 2. Using Pronouns Unnecessarily With very few exceptions, English sentences require a subject. But in Spanish, that frequently isnt true. Where it would be understood by the context, the subject of a sentence (which in English often would be a pronoun) can and usually should be omitted. It usually wouldnt be grammatically incorrect to include the pronoun, but use of the pronoun can sound clunky or give it unnecessary attention. 1. Assuming That Spanish Words That Look Like English Words Mean the Same Thing Words that have the same or similar form in both languages are known as cognates. Since Spanish and English share a large vocabulary derived from Latin, more often than not words that are alike in both languages have similar meanings. But there are plenty of exceptions, known as false friends. Youll find, for example, that embarazada usually means pregnant rather than embarrassed, and that a violador usually is a rapist, not someone who merely committed a traffic infraction.

Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management Essay

Analytical report based on an case study about IT project management - Essay Example The stadium had its international recognition and with its inauguration, it was to host five matches of Euro Championship. The stadium was surrounded by many larger sports complex and along with its own spectators. The stadium could provide gigantic clients and business to restaurants and bars. In this regard Casa XXI was contracted for catering services of restaurant, bars and of special events in the Alvalade stadium for the next fifteen years. Casa XXI was the resulting company with its three partners specifically created for Alvalade Stadium Complex. Casa XXI had immense experience of catering since decades. As per agreement Casa XXI got right to serve 9 avenues including Prestige, Corporate Club, Sports 21, Restaurant Casa XXI, Cafeteria, Cafe for employees, Lodges, Kiosks, Bars and walking sales persons. Managing and exploiting revenue from these avenues was not a piece of cake and neither Casa XXI was ready to go traditional. So, Casa XXI decided to go for a new electronic sys tem which was an important innovation. This innovative system used pre-paid cards to pay for sales. These pre-paid cards had a unique serial number which was to be identified by a scanner. The scanner could examine the card status and recharge money to the card. Interesting aspect was its expiration in which card could be used many times. The main objective of this system was to get rid of the traditional cash system which was more time consuming. The new innovative system could serve many customers in shorter time hence productivity was expected to be enhanced. The innovative system used a central database to save information of all cards and sales. In this innovative system when a consumer made a payment by the card, the scanners were to track card holder’s information and money in the card. After which sale was to take place or the money could be debited accordingly. The system was further subdivided into two units. First unit was operated by the front office responsible f or interacting clients while back office unit was specified for inventory management whereas information of both system was recorded on an external database. So, the expected target of this innovative system was to create a well-established electronic system of payment which could revolutionize the sales at Alvalade Stadium. Casa XXI massively publicized their innovative system hoping for a marvellous opening. Outsourcing is a common practice is nowadays business. Outsourcing may take place due to many factors. These factors may be business, political, technical or financial. In this case, Case XXI lacks the expertise regarding IT projects and systems. It has mainly been in food and catering business and such technical skill seems to be remote in the industry it works in, With a crucial event coming up, outsourcing the new innovative project had deem to be a good decision. Outsourcing has many advantages. Some of them include access to the required expertise easily, greater focus on core functions and risk sharing. Casa XXI have taken advantage of the mentioned advantages to great extent. It wouldn’t be easy to acquire the skill of the IT project easily and if they decided to each part of the project themselves they would no doubt have suffered in their core expertise, catering. Core failures of the system The innovative system was expected to bring stacks of productivity to Casa XXI but unfortunately the inauguration went against all anticipations and ruined

Organ donation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Organ donation - Essay Example consent for use of their organ following such a person’s death, this becomes sufficient for donation to proceed as long as such a person qualifies as being competent. Even the relatives do not have any right to challenge this decision. This consent could be given through registration as a donor or the donor informing close relatives and friends. Under circumstances where no records to prove the wishes of the dead exist, relatives could be approached to give their consent, the reason why Olson (2001) indicates that relatives need to make a decision on organ donation immediately their loved one dies. This legal approach is protected by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act in the US (Kerridge, Saul, Lowe, McPhee, & Williams, 2002). The organ donation legal guideline matches the nursing principle of autonomy. According to Stacy and Lough (2013), autonomy entails an agreement into which a nurse enters to respect the right of the patient to take action or make a decision without interfer ence or coercion. In the same way, donors have the right to donating their organs and should consent to such action without which it would not be executed. Statistics indicate an increasing gap between the number of organ recipients and organ donors. As observed by Brezina (2010), the number of organs from the dead and living donors falls far below the number of patients waiting for transplant. Because of this high demand, there has been a rise in the black market business for human body organs. Kerridge et al. (2002) observe that the high prices that these organs fetch encourage nurses and other healthcare practitioners to remove organs from dead bodies, even where there was no consent to do so, for their own good, giving the example of a kidney which would cost between $ 1,000 and 3,000 in the black market. Such acts go against nurses’ obligation to treat a dead client with dignity and respect. In light of these findings, organ donation would be something that I would advocate for,

Instead of continuously making Essay Example for Free

Instead of continuously making Essay As a Health Educator working for an international health organization, I would conduct a need assessment process that aims to determine the problems related to how the trash is managed in the community. I would do so by visiting the factories of different industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to FMCGs, where I would analyze how the waste material is dumped or discarded by them. Secondly, I would conduct surveys through questionnaires and informal interviews with people of households and shopkeepers that would focus on how they discard the waste, why do they do so, how often, and what do they lack in effectively disposing of the waste. After gathering enough information about this, I would ascertain the problems or unwanted outcomes that are created by improperly discarding the waste materials. For example, who are affected the most, what affects them precisely, and the extent to which they are affected negatively by improper trash management. As far as the paper products are concerned, we sloppily use them and do not utilize them to their fullest. For instance, a note book or a writing pad often goes into the trash bin with lots of unused pages. Instead of continuously making new paper products such as, copies or tissue papers, we can recycle them and save a great amount of time and cost. Other technological devices and instruments are no exception, and can also be recycled and refurbished which results in saving time, costs, and energy – both by the producers and consumers. Now let’s talk about the ways and procedures that are used to recycle the products. The resources are very much available within the community; nevertheless, if someone is lacking then we would provide them the resources to cope with the problem. One way of doing so is Curbside recycling, which is the process where the residents or subscribers are provided with trash cans and are asked to confirm their recyclables, sort them out separately, put them in the bin outside their home, and keep them clean. The recyclers would come, pick the trash or materials and take them away. Recycling drop-off centre is another technique where people can drop-off the used products or materials that are listed or guided to them to a certain location, point, or centre from where the material is taken away for recycling. Yard waste recycling encourages people to bring and deposit their yard debris or green waste to the centers for the purpose of minimizing the load on landfills and providing recycled fertilizers for the use in public parks and other areas. People can find out waste or debris and can deposit or pile it up in their backyard (Selvon, 2008). And finally, ECO-CELL is another way of recycling the technological devices or instruments such as, cell phones, computers, and printers. Answer – 2 I would involve the community in the needs assessment process by creating a buzz among them about the alarming situation of waste management and its hazardous impacts over the community. I would initiate campaigns that would be designed and carried out against the improper trashing and polluting the environment; moreover, those campaigns would create awareness among the people about how they are affected, what is the better way of trashing, and how they can be benefitted from that. People would be asked to search and tell us about the problems they and other people face in the community, and what has worsened than before. Several gifts and prize money would be given as an incentive to the people to come and participate in the need assessment program and overcome the issue of improper trash management. References Selvon. M. (2008). Recycling Yard Waste is a Great Composting Solution. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http://ezinearticles. com/? Recycling-Yard-Waste-is-a-Great-Composting-Solutionid=1150298

Rhetorical Reading Essay -- essays research papers

Rhetorical Reading Essay(Revision)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since they started pouring the concrete for the dam Lake Powell has been a center of controversy. From nature preservationists to ancient ruins advocates the subject has been heated and intense. On the other hand, those who support Lake Powell are just as avid and active in their defense of the reservoir. One of the former, Edward Abbey, sets forth his plea, hoping it does not fall upon deaf ears.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abbey attempts in his article to help the reader visualize Glen Canyon before it was dammed up. He uses a lot of pathos to help the reader â€Å"feel† the beauty of the previous Glen Canyon and the ugliness of the present. His article seems to be written not to the supporters of Lake Powell, but to those who side with Abbey, perhaps in an attempt to strengthen their resolve to do something about their beliefs. Abbey advocates the draining and naturalizing of the reservoir, allowing it to regress back to its natural state. Although the author is very talented at using connotations and figurative language, he focuses too much on pathos and a 20th century view of nature and lacks sufficient logos and ethos. This essay while very passionate is poorly done. The author, Edward Abbey, admits that he is a â€Å"butterfly chaser, googly eyed bleeding heart and wild conservative†(Abbey, 144). His constant appeals to nostalgia and tree hugging are repetitive and long-winded. However, as mentioned above, he is an expert in figurative language and connotation. Right from the beginning Abbey uses a great metaphor comparing Glen Canyon to the living heart of the canyon lands, and throws in another about the Colorado River being golden. He tries to form a beautiful picture of what Glen Canyon used to be like by sharing an experience that he and a buddy had almost 50 years ago. Although picturesque and ideal, we all understand that change is a natural part of both mankind and nature and that all things have an end. Later in the article Abbey uses more great connotations and points out that the reservoir has had negative effects on the environment in that area. â€Å"†¦Debris brought down into them by desert storms, no longer carried away by the river, must unavoidably build up in the area where flood meets reservoir†(147). And later, â€Å"Anyone who has tried to pilot a motorboat through a raft... ...birds, 800 different mammals and more that a dozen reptile species (Lake Powell). And anyone who has been there will ask, if there is a slight lack of insects, which I am not sure there is, how is that a bad thing? This hardly seems the sterile, lifeless scene that Abbey paints for us and is simply one of the many examples of omission he uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that although Abbey means well in trying to preserve the natural form and environment of Glen Canyons, he is unable to see that many, many more people are out enjoying the beauties of Lake Powell than ever graced the shores of the Colorado River in that area. This is what people want. Abbey poorly surmises that the majority of people agree with his viewpoints, â€Å"I am not alone, for I belong to that ever-growing number of Americans, probably a good majority now, who have become aware that a fully industrialized, thoroughly urbanized, elegantly computerized social system is not suitable for human habitation†(Abbey, 144). If that were so Lake Powell would have been drained and dry decades ago. The truth is that with few exceptions, people like Lake Powell just the way it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Analysis of Song Lyrics

Song lyrics: looking through the window of cultural texts†¦ If you took the time to listen to the lyrics of a song instead of mumbling uselessly to the catchy melody, you’d notice that some bands and musical artists are informing their audience of present-time themes and issues. In today’s society, song lyrics can be used effectively to find fault with many dominant values and attitudes, somewhat protesting against social issues and the preconceived ideas that stand tall on the stage of democracy.This is why song lyrics should be considered one of the most important cultural texts of the modern age. The songs Sunday Bloody Sunday by the band U2 and Hurricane by artist Bob Dylan substantiate ideas of equality and â€Å"justice for all†, encouraging the listener to take a look at their own values and attitudes surrounding the issues presented†¦ would the listener react differently if it were their life or integrity at stake? The song Sunday Bloody Sunday is one of U2’s most political songs.It describes the terror experienced by an observer of the conflicts in Northern Ireland, particularly the Bloody Sunday incident in Derry where British soldiers shot and killed unarmed civil rights protestor in 1972, presenting themes of unity, ignorance and indifference. Meanwhile, Bob Dylan’s protest song Hurricane tells the story of the imprisonment of celebrated boxer Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter, who was falsely accused of a triple murder in New Jersey, America during the mid 1960s.The song lyric explores themes of injustice, racism and discrimination, enlightening listeners about the corruption that swarmed the democratic American legal system at the time. You know, without realising it, the song you downloaded from iTunes the other day could quite possibly be criticising certain values and attitudes in society. The song Sunday Bloody Sunday by U2 supports the argument that song lyrics should be considered one of the mo st important cultural texts of the modern age.Throughout the song lyric, the theme of unity blossoms and grows, travelling deeper into the abyss of society’s struggle to stand together. This is seen at the beginning of the song in the first verse â€Å"‘cause tonight†¦ we can be as one† accompanied by a military style drumbeat. Here, the chance to join together as â€Å"one† and make a difference is being offered to the listener, while the choice of instruments is symbolic to a â€Å"call to arms†.We’re asked to open our eyes and witness the struggle and pain that the people of Northern Ireland experienced during the early seventies, when their lives were torn apart by the bullets of British soldiers, â€Å"Broken bottles under children’s feet† and â€Å"Bodies strewn across the dead end street†. The repetition of â€Å"cause tonight†¦ we can be as one† is successful in evoking a defiant and hopeful respo nse from the listener. I also feel that the imagery created by â€Å"Broken bottles†¦bodies strewn†¦dead end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  plants a seed of lifelessness and futility in the listener’s mind.The listener is therefore encouraged to rise up and fight against the hopeless situation described in the song. Meanwhile, the song lyric Hurricane by Bob Dylan investigates the injustice that surrounded Rubin Carter and 1960s America. Being trapped in a nightmare of injustice is a very dark place to be. Loneliness and helplessness are your only friends when everyone remains blind to the truth. Bob Dylan’s Hurricane is a song lyric that explores this theme of injustice in 1960s New Jersey, where a common scenario was put to the ultimate test: the word of a white man against the word of a black man.The song is informing us of Rubin Carter’s false murder conviction, told in a somewhat story-like fashion. Bob Dylan presents the entire American legal system as corrupt a nd unethical, displayed in the ninth verse â€Å"All of Rubin’s cards were marked in advance† and â€Å"The trial was a pig-circus he never had a chance†. As well as creating emphasis through rhyme, these two lines are highly emotive, and encourage the listener to feel pity and empathy for Rubin Carter and others that may have been a victim of corruption.As a listener who lives in the twenty-first century, where cases of legal dishonesty and fraud are quite rare, I find myself sympathising with Rubin Carter and resenting the heartless and ignorant attitude possessed by 1960s America and society. In retrospect, I am extremely grateful that a fair and just trial is now available to everyone, regardless of skin colour. When the song comes to an end, the image painted in the listener’s mind is that of injustice and tyranny, encouraging social change in the area of legality. Nonetheless, U2’s Sunday Bloody Sunday presents the ignorance and indifference of society in times of great need.It seems that a sad face served with â€Å"what a tragedy† and seasoned with taste of genuine sincerity is our best response when the TV screen shows an image of dead bodies strewn across a dead end street†¦ U2’s Sunday Bloody Sunday is a protest song that provides a dominant reading, investigating the ignorant and indifferent attitude exhibited by society towards the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland. A quote from the text highlights the 1970s unawareness of this event, and other acts of conflict across the world, â€Å"And today the millions cry, We eat and drink while tomorrow they die†.As well as making use of a hyperbole, these two lines are very effective in criticising the lack of care that society has for anyone but themselves, and as a result, depicts us as arrogant and self-righteous. Because we can’t empathise with the people of Derry who experienced a freakish nightmare unknown to us, all we can do is store it at the back of our minds and wait in anticipation for the next episode of Home and Away†¦ From my point of view, there is little we can do when events such as this arise and take us by surprise.But, if society joins together in unity instead of finding refuge in the popular TV station of ignorance, then hearing those cries and feeding those mouths will become a reality. However, if we’re going to join together as one, then racism and discrimination need to be a thing of the past, as explored in Bob Dylan’s Hurricane. Racism and discrimination are two themes that refuse to leave the realms of today’s society. Their defiant and unfaltering attitude must be commended, but not encouraged, as displayed in Bob Dylan’s Hurricane.The song lyric is successful in condemning the negative, judicious and cultured beliefs possessed by society that all black men are criminals and murderers. These motifs must be stopped in their tracks, and banished f rom society†¦ The song lyric enlightens the listener of the racism and discrimination that occurred in New Jersey at the time, and reminds us that we have only taken a few steps along the path of equality since then.Within Hurricane, the extreme inequity displayed by the American police during the sixties is being crudely criticised, displayed in the seventh verse â€Å"We want to put his arse in stir, We want to pin this triple murder on him†. Here, the listener receives the impression that the police (â€Å"we†) are hiding something, and regardless of who committed the crime, are determined to see Carter behind bars. Based on my morals, I believe that every person, male or female, black or white, should be treated fairly and qually. Unfortunately, I wasn’t the judge at Rubin Carter’s trial. The atmosphere created in the text is that of corrupt defiance and mere narrow-mindedness, and the effect is overwhelming: I have the urge to stand up and say à ¢â‚¬Å"Hey! What you’re doing is wrong†¦! † If only I had the power to change the path of history†¦ For all those out there who believe that song lyrics are just another form of entertainment, think again. Should song lyrics be considered one of the most important cultural texts of all time?The way in which they approach certain themes and issues as well as investigate society’s values, beliefs and attitudes is incredible – therefore the answer is yes. When you look at U2’s protest song Sunday Bloody Sunday, a range of themes including unity, ignorance and indifference are presented. Throughout the song, the image of helplessness is promoted, encouraging the listener to fight for unity. Also, the song criticises society for being ignorant to the death and heartache that was rife in 1970s Ireland at the time of the Bloody Sunday incident.It highlights our failure to empathise, and are portrayed as uncaring and therefore urged to put a stop t o world conflict. Meanwhile, themes of injustice, racism and discrimination are explored in Bob Dylan’s song Hurricane. The corruption of the American legal system is the motif in this song, presenting the police, judges and jury as dishonest and unethical. The listener is positioned to respond in a sympathetic way towards Rubin Carter, and feel resentment in regard to the so-called democratic legal system.Overall, we are encouraged to accept our differences and stand together as one, moving in the direction of social change in the courts. Finally, songs are extremely successful in exploring themes and issues that are relevant to today’s society, as they provide the chance to criticise and/or encourage social change regarding our values, beliefs and attitudes. â€Å"Democracy doesn’t rule the world. You’d better get that in your head; this world is ruled by violence, but I guess that’s better left unsaid. † Bob Dylan